Postpartum Depression
When a new baby is on the way or has just been born, most personalities expect moms to be happy and joyous. Yet for many women, childbirth brings on an unexpected mood — depression. We call such situations of sadness “postpartum depression,” even though the negative episode can also begin before the baby’s birth. Postpartum depression is experienced most often by mothers either during or after childbirth (although it can affect fathers as well).
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If your post-birth baby blues don’t resolve on their own within two weeks after the birth of your child, it’s possible you may have something more than just normal “baby blues.” Postpartum depression is a serious, debilitating illness that mothers have no control over. Like all types of depression, this is not the result of a character flaw, weakness, or anything the mom has done. Instead, it is a serious mental illness that needs attention and treatment.
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Symptoms of Postpartum Depression & Its Diagnosis
Postpartum depression is classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5)(American Psychiatric Association, 2013) as Bipolar Disorder or Depression with Peripartum Onset. A person suffering from postpartum depression has to meet these symptoms of a major depressive episode. Postpartum depression is diagnosed when the depressive episode occurs before or after the birth of the person’s child.
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Sometimes a person with postpartum depression may believe they are just suffering from the normal “baby blues” after giving birth. But postpartum depression symptoms last longer than the baby blues and are usually more intense. Depression impacts your ability to carry out everyday activities, and will even prevent a new mom from caring for their baby. Postpartum symptoms usually develop within the first few weeks after giving birth but may begin later — up to six months after birth.
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Some new moms (or dads) may undergo the following postpartum depression symptoms also:
- Depressed mood or severe mood swings
- Excessive crying
- Difficulty bonding with your baby
- Fear that you’re not a good mother
- Overwhelming fatigue or loss of energy
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- Withdrawing from family and friends
- Problems with appetite (loss of appetite or eating more than usual)
- Problems with sleep (problems falling asleep or sleeping too much)
- Reduced interest and pleasure in activities you used to enjoy
- Intense irritability or irrational anger
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- Feelings of worthlessness, shame, guilt, or inadequacy
- Difficulty in thinking clearly, concentrating, or making decisions
- Severe anxiety or panic attacks
- Thoughts of harming yourself or your baby
- Thoughts of death or suicide
It is thought that between 3 and 6 per cent of women will experience major depressive symptoms during pregnancy or in the weeks or months following delivery. Women who have a preexisting history of symptoms of bipolar disorder or depression have a higher likelihood of experiencing mood disturbances during and/or after pregnancy.
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Women with peripartum major depressive episodes often have severe anxiety and even panic attacks during the peripartum period. Moreover, studies examining women pre-to-post-pregnancy demonstrate that those with anxiety or the “baby blues” during pregnancy are at increased risk for postpartum depression.
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Mood episodes during postpartum depression can present either with or without psychotic features. Most women who have postpartum depression do not have psychotic features. The risk of postpartum episodes with psychotic features is particularly increased for women with a pre-existing mood disturbance (especially bipolar I disorder), a previous psychotic episode, and those with a family history of bipolar disorders.
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There can be some rare but extreme events associated with postpartum depression with psychotic features. Infanticide (killing one’s infants) — an extremely rare event that has been publicized in the news from time to time — is most often associated with postpartum psychotic episodes that are characterized by command hallucinations to kill the infant or delusions that the infant is possessed. However, psychotic symptoms can occur absent of such specific delusions or hallucinations.
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Major Depressive Episode Symptoms
A person who suffers from a major depressive episode must either have a depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities consistently for at least a 2 week period. This mood must represent a change from the person’s normal mood. In addition, the person’s social, family, work, or school functioning must also be negatively impaired by the change in mood.
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A major depressive episode is also characterized by the presence of 5 or more of these symptoms:
- Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report or observation made by others.
- Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day
- Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day
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- edit Insomnia (inability to sleep) or hypersomnia (sleeping too much) nearly every day
- Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day
- Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
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- Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly every day
- Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day
- Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide
We hope you can improve your mental health by knowing more about postpartum depression.
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